Photo: NASA

Captain Charles « Chuck » YEAGER broke the sound barrier with the help of his friend Jack RIDLEY on a 14th of October 1947 – He did it 71 years ago!

(U. S. Air Force illustration/Mike Carabajal)

Photo: NASA

Photo: U.S.Air Force Link

XLR-11 ROCKET POWERED AIRCRAFT

Birth of Manned Rocket Research Airplanes: 1946 to 1975

The first reliable, effective rocket engine that would provide boost for experimental research aircraft was produced by four members of the American Rocket Society (ARS) who combined forces to form Reaction Motors Incorporated (RMI) (Rockaway, New Jersey) for developing the Experimental Liquid Rocket (XLR-11) rocket motor. The XLR-11 engine had four separate rocket chambers. Each chamber provided 1500 lb of rated thrust and could be operated independently as a means of throttling thrust in quarters, up to 6000 pounds. The XLR-11 possessed remarkable longevity, powering an impressive fleet of rocket aircraft for more than a quarter of a century (1946 to 1975). This fleet of vehicles were the first rocket aircraft devoted solely to high performance experimental flight research. They were not constrained by military or commercial demands and ranged from being the first to break the sound barrier (XS-1), to the first to reach Mach 2.0 (D-558-II [fig. 5]), to the first to exceed the X-2 Mach 3.2 record (X-15 with two XLR-11 engines).

Figure 5. The D-558-II airplane on Rogers lakebed.

The X-1E – Early Development of Energy Management

Design efforts to extend aircraft performance produced increased wing loadings, W/S, and decreased lift-to-drag ratios, L/D. These design changes were beneficial in reducing drag to achieve supersonic and hypersonic speeds, but were also detrimental in that they reduced the area of the maneuvering footprint and presented difficulties in the approach and landing.

As L/D values decreased, the glide slope angle and the rate of descent increased, making it more difficult for pilots to estimate distances and times required for acceptable landings. The X-1E (fig. 6) was modified with a low-aspect-ratio wing having a thickness-to-chord ratio of four percent – the only aircraft of the X-1/D-558 series to have sufficiently low L/D values to require unique energy management techniques. This X-1E was the first to experiment with approach patterns designed to give
the pilot more time in the traffic pattern to manage energy.

The landing pattern was approached in a conventional manner except that altitudes and speeds were somewhat higher than for
powered aircraft. The initial reference point was established at 12,000 ft (mean sea level) on a downwind heading (180 deg remaining to turn). The downwind leg was offset some four miles from the centerline of the landing runway. On downwind, abeam the touchdown point, landing gear and partial flaps were deployed at a speed of 240 knots. Full flaps were usually deployed on the final approach. At the initial reference point the pilot had almost three minutes until touchdown – additional time for handling increased speeds and sink rates.7,8

Figure 6. The X-1E airplane on Rogers lakebed.

Report from www.archives.gov

(Text from the NASA at: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html)

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Son talent et son courage lui ont ensuite permis de se retrouver parmi les meilleurs pilotes de chasse au monde, cités dans la presse internationale. D’après le journaliste Jacques Mortane, l’avion de Maxime Lenoir était connu comme le loup blanc. Toujours derrière les lignes ennemies, son biplan rentrant souvent criblé de balles, le destin de l’as de Verdun s’est arrêté là, à quelques kilomètres au nord du fort de Douaumont, au lendemain de la reprise du bastion par les poilus. Douaumont reconquis, le général von Falkenhayn savait que la suite de la guerre serait très dure pour les Allemands.
Si on se souvient des fantassins qui ont tout donné dans les tranchées pour tenir leurs positions à Verdun, on oublie trop souvent que la bataille de Verdun s’est jouée dans les airs et que les pilotes de chasse n’étaient pas nombreux pour affronter les terribles Fokkers des Allemands en février 1916. Lorsque le général Pétain devant ses lignes exsangues, demande au commandant Charles de Tricornot de Rose « De Rose, je suis aveugle ! Balayez-moi le ciel ! Sinon, c’est simple, Verdun sera perdue. » Et si Verdun avait été perdue, la France aurait probablement perdu la guerre. Lenoir à l’escadrille N23 et son ami Navarre à la N67 voisine seront les fers de lance sur leurs nouveaux Nieuport et SPAD. Leurs efforts seront renforcés d’escadrilles dotées du Farman F.40 qui anéantiront à la fois les ballons Drachen lourdement défendus et mettront à la peine les Fokkers. Le bras de fer gagné dans le ciel de Verdun, l’artillerie française reprendra l’avantage pour anéantir les espoirs de von Falkenhayn. Navarre blessé, Lenoir va devenir l’as comptant le plus de victoires sur Verdun, il sera le premier à abattre un Drachen officiellement, le premier à abattre un bombardier Gotha avant même Guynemer. Il va enfin devenir le premier double-as mort au combat, le troisième as français abattu après Pégoud et de Rochefort.
En cette journée du souvenir, des enfants de l’école de Chargé chantent la Marseillaise devant le monument au mort. Jamais le village n’a connu une telle affluence pour le 11 novembre. Il faut dire que la commune a tout prévu pour cette journée dédiée aux poilus, qui est aussi le centenaire de la mort de Maxime Lenoir. Après la mise en place, le maire accueille la députée Claude Greff, le secrétaire général de la préfecture d’Indre-et-Loire Jacques Lucbereilh, le conseiller départemental Rémi Leveau, et l’inspecteur de l’éducation nationale Patrick Seweryn. L’armée de l’air est venue en nombre, les associations d’anciens combattants et retraités militaires de l’armée de l’air aussi pour rendre hommage aux morts pour la France et plus particulièrement à l’as de Verdun. Sans le président de l’Armil 37, Michel Camus, qui tenait à participer à l’événement, il n’y aurait pas eu de porte-drapeau. C’est Charles Bonté qui a répondu à l’appel ce jour-là pour honorer les morts au combat. Le village leur doit une fière chandelle.
La veille, un Blériot XI fut courageusement acheminé depuis la Haute-Vienne par Jean-Yves Valor et l’association Les Ailes Limousines dans la salle des fêtes. Après la cérémonie devant le monument de la Première Guerre mondiale, le maire et les officiels font des discours très appréciés qui rappellent le sens de cette manifestation devant la famille Lenoir, Abel Anjorand (l’historien local), Philippe Girard (dont la famille jadis accueillit l’acrobate du ciel dans leur ferme de la Girardière), et Didier Lecoq, sans lesquels rien ne serait jamais arrivé. Et notamment cette inauguration qui était impensable il y a seulement trois ans. C’est aussi grâce au groupe de travail mis en place avec les adjoints au maire Marie-Claude Métivier, Gérald Letourmy et bien d’autres villageois. Le maire et deux élèves dévoilent une superbe plaque à l’entrée de l’école du bourg avec la silhouette du pionnier de l’aviation qui fut jadis un écolier dans cet établissement. La aussi, la boucle est bouclée. Le maire vient de rappeler dans son discours que Maxime Lenoir avait été vigneron avant d’être pilote et que déjà il préférait les loopings aux tonneaux. Soudain, comme un miracle, trois Alphajets de l’École de l’Aviation de Chasse de la base aérienne 705 défilent au-dessus de l’école et la mairie, puis font un second passage de nouveau sous les applaudissements le long de la Loire. Comme pour rappeler que Maxime Lenoir fut porté en triomphe devant la mairie après avoir produit ses merveilleux loopings sur Blériot XI à la mi-mai 1914.
Une très intéressante exposition couvre une grande partie de la salle sur le Farman F.40, jadis très engagé dans la reconquête aérienne à Verdun. Les entreprises Farman, Corvaisier et Galilé, implantées à Joué-les-Tours apportent ainsi leur soutien. De même l’association Ailex et Classique Aéro d’Orbigny exposent un moteur Le Rhône 7A et plusieurs pièces de Blériot. La salle polyvalente a un air de petit musée du Bourget avec ces reliques d’une aviation d’un autre âge. Rien d’étonnant à cela car le Musée de l’Air et de l’Espace du Bourget a apporté son concours grâce à quelques photos ô combien précieuses car elle permettent de deviner l’importance de l’aviation dans la victoire à Verdun. L’après-midi est consacré aux expositions dont celle de la classe de Virginie Charbonnier, enseignante à Chargé, remarquablement enrichie par les uniformes, armes et ustensiles d’époque pour revivre l’atmosphère des tranchées et la conquête de l’air vécue par le pionnier local de l’aviation. Dans la collection de Claude Peyon, un témoignage poignant est exposé : un livret taché du sang de son grand-père alors sur le front, remis à sa grand-mère pour lui signifier son décès. Parmi toutes ces pièces de collection, on ne peut pas manquer la superbe maquette du SPAD VII « Trompe la Mort III » réalisée par l’association Delta Reflex présidée par Jean-Pierre Bézard en soutien à la BA 705 dans cette commémoration. C’est avec un talent d’orfèvre que Claude Bodier a monté le haubanage du biplan qui est maintenant confié à la commune.
Puis vient le temps des conférences et débats. Didier Lecoq retrace la carrière de Maxime Lenoir. L’auditoire est bien servi car le conférencier n’est autre que le journaliste qui a le premier fait resurgir le héros de Chargé il y a plusieurs années. Enfin le lieutenant-colonel Romain Béthoux explique comment la guerre aérienne se faisait et comment elle a lieu de nos jours. Les spectateurs écoutent avec grand intérêt le témoignage de cet expert qui, avant de devenir le commandant de l’École de l’Aviation de Chasse, était tout de même le leader de la Patrouille de France. L’auditoire écoute subjugué lorsqu’il raconte comment des avions à réaction peuvent enchaîner des figures à seulement deux mètres de distance. Les questions pleuvent mais le brillant pilote a toujours la réponse.
Tout au long de la journée, les familles emmènent les plus petits à la cabine du Jaguar exposée par le CIRFA. Dans la salle Julia Daudet (expositions) un projet de livre sur l’histoire de l’aviation est présenté avec en seconde partie l’histoire de Maxime Lenoir. Il sera publié prochainement. Sa sortie sera annoncée à la page http://airforces.fr/pall/. Une brève présentation du BIA-CAEA est également faite pour ceux qui souhaitent s’initier aux joies de l’aéronautique. Avec le superbe chalet crêperie-buvette, ce 11 novembre à Chargé ressemble à un mini salon de l’histoire et de l’aviation. Même le soleil est de la partie. On n’a jamais vu un 11 novembre de la sorte et cela pourrait bien, pourquoi pas, donner des idées à d’autres communes. Encore faut-il avoir un pilote de cette étoffe dans sa ville pour réaliser un hommage de cette envergure. Il fut un des très rares pilotes à recevoir à la fois la grande médaille d’or de l’Aéro-Club de France et la médaille de guerre de l’Aero Club of America. L’enfant du pays est en quelque sorte revenu sur la terre de ses premiers exploits. Mais l’histoire ne se termine pas vraiment. Des recherches sont toujours menées pour tenter d’en savoir un peu plus. Et puis d’autres belles surprises pourraient venir du ciel dans les années à venir, mais nous en saurons plus bientôt…

Toni Giacoia

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The stealth drone demonstrator « nEUROn » designed by Dassault Aviation, performed her maiden flight this morning at Istres Dassault Flight Test Center.

Dassault along with DGA – French Defense Procurement Agency, and nEUROn customer – successfully conducted this first flight test of the European UCAV (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle).

The nEUROn project FCAS (Future European fighter Combat Air System) , launched in 2005, involves France, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Greece and Switzerland. Some parts or elements of this aircraft – flight controls maybe – would come from the Dassault Falcon 7X.

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According to the CBS news video report below, F-22 pilots would have stopped flying 5th-generation F-22 Raptor for they would have reported HH (Health Hazards) incidents onboard the most advanced fighter aircraft in the U.S. Air Force, and the most expensive ever.

« The F-22 has been plagued by a mysterious flaw that causes its pilots to become disoriented while at the controls, from a lack of oxygen. »

Thanks to this interview, we now know that a pilot would have touched a tree while flying an F-22 as he may have been suffering from hypoxia (oxygen deficiency in body tissue). Some other pilots reported dizziness, vertigo, and coughing spell.

« The Air Force launched an investigation that focused on the plane’s On-Board Oxygen Generating System, or OBOGS which takes air from outside the jet, passes through the engine, and through a chemical process to produce a concentrated oxygen that the pilot breathes – Watch the video:

© USAF photo Tech Sgt Justin D. Pyle, www.af.mil courtesy

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The British Harriers were to be replaced by the F-35Cs. Do you remember? You may have learnt from the recent news that the carrier variant of the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Joint Strike Fighter – CV JSF (Carrier Vessel variant’s Joint Strike Fighter) – F-35C was unable to catch the wire onboard the aircraft carrier during the latest landing tests.

Strange as it may seem, the F-35C’s designers may have not forecast what would unfold during a test flight while landing on an aircraft carrier:

The arresting hook (tailhook) never engaged the arresting wire as the clearance between the tail hook and the main landing gear’s tyre tread is too short for such a speed. An F-35C Lightning II missing her carrier landing has been reported even though some U.S. officials would have dismissed such information which might result from simulated tests.

Added to that is a software bug which had grounded the CV JSF for 6 days a few month earlier for the fifth-generation fighter aircraft might have encountered wing-folding input while flying!

As a result, the British Ministry of Defence might find a Plan-B solution as these design flaws, and some others which date back to November 2011 are deemed unacceptable for such an expensive fighter aircraft – $139.5 million for the F-35C (CATOBAR – Catapult Assisted Take Off But Arrested Recovery), and $150 million for the F-35B (STOVL – Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing). The latter can land on carriers but she is more expensive, and the JSF program costs have already increased several times.

Moreover, the JSF would not be able to fire AMRAAM air-to-air missiles as reported in this video:

And there’s even more: according to a Pentagon study team report, 13 areas of concern that remained to be addressed in the F-35 would have been identified. For instance, the Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS) would not work properly…

The British MoD is therefore considering the purchase of either F/A-18E Super Hornets or RAFALEs for the RAF. The French Dassault which has already lost the Swiss NAC tender due to replace the Swiss Air Force’s F-5s, would be proposing a new offer with 18 RAFALEs at a cost deemed lower than the 22 SAAB Gripens’ one according to the Swiss press.

The RAFALE is still in competition with the Eurofighter in the Indian MMRCA tender. the Indian officials are expected to make a decision this week. To be continued… ==> We have just learnt (on January 31, 2012) that the RAFALE has won the MMRCA tender…

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The USAF RQ-170 Sentinel – ISR (Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance) + Ground-attack stealth drone – recently captured in Iran should remain indefinitely according to the latest news:

“No one returns the symbol of aggression to the party that sought secret and vital intelligence related to the national security of a country,” Iranian General Hossein Salami said.

Nothing more was revealed but the U.S. Air Force admitted that the UAV would have had a malfunction on its course to Iran after leaving Afghanistan. The pictures of the fuselage cannot show evidence of shooting down, and nothing proves what the Iranian officials suggested about EW (Electronic Warfare) means which might have brought down the drone to the ground perhaps by jamming.

To be continued…

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According to the comments of His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, the French Dassault RAFALE multirole fighter aircraft might be rejected as he was paying a visit to the 12th Dubai International Airshow.

About the Rafale deal, he said that Dassault seemed unaware that all the diplomatic and political will in the world could not overcome uncompetitive and unworkable commercial terms.

Dassault was deemed to race ahead in this $10-billion sale to the United Arab Emirates. The contest has taken a dramatic turn as EADS Eurofighter/Typhoon seems to receive a decisive momentum, and the Boeing F-15 and F-18 programmes would be back on track in this competition.

The Rafale performances in Libya were thought to have outclassed the other allied fighter aircraft, and it clearly headed above the competition indeed. However, some commercial negotiations would have failed. To be continued…

Photo courtesy: © Xavier Cotton http://passiondesavions.blogspot.com/

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This wonderful picture to celebrate the French national day. The picture was shot by Xavier Cotton, the Passion pour l’aviation‘s webmaster.

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B-747-8I, « I » for « Intercontinental ». You can see at the back of the four GEnx-2B67 engine nacelles the chevrons also called « cookie-cutters » which reduce the noise of the engines. This is a video of the roll-out ceremony in Everett (Washington) on Feb. 13, 2011:

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Harrier during Airshow AirVenture 2011 video:

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The main rotor or rotary wing on the H-3 has five identical wing blades. Other helicopters may have two, three, or four blades. A typical wing blade is shown in figure 1-17. The rotary-wing blade is made of aluminum alloy, except the steel cuff by which the blade attaches to the rotor hub. The main supporting member of the blade is a hollow, aluminum alloy extruded spar, which forms the leading edge. The steel cuff is bolted to the root end of the spar. Twenty-three individual pockets constructed of aluminum ribs, aluminum channels, and aluminum skin covering are bonded to the aft edge of the spar.

Text and cutaway view: www.tpub.com courtesy

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Wildfire threatens Russian missile attack warning center

17:31 07/08/2010 Wildfire is threatening to engulf the military command of the Russian missile attack warning center in the Moscow region, a spokesman for Russian Space Forces said on Saturday.>>

Other news of the day

Views hereafter – click on the satellite picture – NASA courtesy:

According to some sources, more than 50 people would have died so far, almost 4,000 would be left, and the blazes keep on spreading. Foreign governments talk their citizens into avoiding travels to Russia. Airports could still operate with numerous delays due to the smog that has reduced visibility between 600 and 300 meters. However, latest news stated that it would not be possible to land on Moscow anymore. Fire hazard remains in remote areas as this smog can be breathed in, and would increase in hazard for health. Moreover, toxic elements would be in the air.

Italy and Ukraine should send aircraft in an attempt to smother fires..

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(Article adapted from AVIANEWS) According to Pascal – you can read here in French – the Rafale has numerous assets, and might become the winner in the NAC competition to replace the F-5 fleet, id est: Switzerland might buy Dassault’s fighters.

Industrial partnership:

The industrial consortium Rafale International – Dassault Aviation, Snecma (Safran Group), and Thales – MBDA, and their subcontractors are able to offer Switzerland an industrial and scientific cooperation for the benefit of the townships . This offer concerns the whole range of suppliers ie: the military, but also the civilian sector which includes programs for Falcon business jets, the civilian CFM56 engines, and Aircraft and helicopters avionics.

Some elements of the Rafale have already been produced in Switzerland – cockpit, fuel tank and more recently additional elements of the Thales radar RBE2.

The offer includes the outsourcing of many structural components, final assembly andmaintenance in Switzerland for all of the Rafale program, and research and development. The manufacture of weapons (MICA missiles) is also proposed and the development of helmet-mounted sight GERFAUT are also concerned, as well as systems such as the system of self-protection SPECTRA and OSF (Front Sector Optronic).

France would have confirmed the Swiss access to all technologies used in the aircraft including development tools, source codes, and to the most sensitive data.

Optimized for Switzerland:

According to Dassault, the Rafale would suit Switzerland, because as a neighbor, the military and industrial collaboration can be eased considerably. Moreover, the latest block (F3+) which was tested in Switzerland responded to 95% in specifications and offers the following possibilities:

• flight capability in supercruise mode .
• Short take-off distance.
• Range and flight capacity extended, enabling long surveillance missions.
• Swiss militia could carry out fast preflight checks.
• Ease of integration into the structures already built.

Multisensor system proposed:

The proposed version of the Rafale in Switzerland is the most recent available, that is to say the block F3+ (sometimes identified F4). This version is not in service yet. However, 60 Rafales of this kind were ordered by the French Air Force and Navy in late December 2009. The F3+ features:

• Thales AESA Radar RBE-2AA .
• SPECTRA self-protection system.
• New-generation OSF (Optronic Front Sector).
• Latest data link 16 (Link16 – MIDS).
• NCW (Net Centric Warfare) data fusion system.

In terms of propulsion, it is not excluded that a more powerful version of the SNECMA M-88 jet engine might be available

(to be confirmed).

Military training cooperation:

Switzerland is already training with the French Air Force (air-to-air refueling, and EPERVIER exercise). In case of Rafale acquisition, pilots would also have flight simulators at their disposal as well as several training sectors in France. De plus, la base aérienne 113 de Saint-Dizier serait ouverte pour nos pilotes. Moreover, the air base 113  at Saint-Dizier – already equipped with Rafale facilities – would welcome the Swiss pilots.

Pascal’s comments:

Although not a favorite in early trials, the F3 + version has demonstrated its excellent capabilities and respond in exemplary fashion to the specifications. In addition, Dassault personnel were able to conduct a remarkable campaign thanks to both technical and interpersonal skills. The Rafale now has many assets that could very well do to win the Helvetian market!

(Article adapted from Pascal’s AVIANEWS blog – Photos: © Xavier Cotton’s gallery and his blog http://passiondesavions.blogspot.com/)

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Photo: Zimin Vasiliy

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By Frontier India | June 7th, 2010

An Indian Air Force contingent of 230 Air Warriors was flagged off from Air Force Station Bareilly by Air Marshal S Varthaman, Senior Air Staff Officer, Central Air Command at a formal ceremony today. The IAF contingent would be taking part in Exercise Garuda scheduled from 14 Jun to 25 Jun 2010, at Istres Air Base, France.

The IAF assets taking part in exercise include 6 Sukhoi-30MKIs Air Dominance fighter aircraft , 3 Ilushin-78 Flight Refueller Aircraft & 1 Ilushin-76 Heavy Lift Transport Aircraft.

Photo from US Air Force Link

Further information on this site: Brute Gorilla: IAF TEAM FOR EX – GARUDA FLAGGED OFF and here:Brute Gorilla: French Naval Ship Tonnerre (Mistral Class) at Cochin

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Emirates placed an order with Airbus for an amount estimated at eleven and a half billion dollars yesterday. The purchase of 32 A380 was signed at the Berlin Air Show.

« Emirates supported the development of the A380 from the earliest days, a project employing tens of thousands of Europe’s best people and today’s increased order, is the best endorsement I can imagine. On behalf of all of us at Airbus, we thank Emirates for their support. The A380 is indeed a remarkable eco-efficient aircraft, a profit generator for airlines and a great flying experience for passengers, » said Tom Enders, Airbus’s CEO.

Emirates – already the 2nd largest airline in the world – is to receive its 10th A380 on June 7, 2010 from the Airbus plant in Hamburg. Photo :  G Patkar , wikimedia.org

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